It’s commonly known as Japanese knotweed, also, scientifically, fallopian japonica and polygonium cuspidatum. But its nickname is a bit more telling: “Godzilla weed,” so known because, as Newsweek said in a 2013 article, “it becomes a ‘rapacious monster’.”
But how did this ugly beast make its way into our lives? And what’s at risk in our watershed—besides buildings and property values?
A German-born botanist, Philipp von Siebold, brought the plant from East Asia to the UK in 1850 when Victorian Britain was keen on studying and acquiring exotic plants from around the world.
Japanese knotweed’s appeal was as an ornamental. Commercial nurseries began cultivating it and gardeners eventually brought it to the U.S. But it fairly quickly escaped cultivation and was recognized as a problem by the early 1900s.
Across the U.S. and Pennsylvania, knotweed, a perennial herbaceous plant from the buckwheat family, is among our most challenging invasive plants.
While it is not on Pennsylvania’s list of Noxious Weeds, according to the Financial Times’ research, it’s considered an invasive weed in 12 of the United States and “can be found lurking malevolently” in another 29.
Recently, a band of Penn State Extension Master Watershed Stewards from Northampton, Lehigh and Monroe counties joined staff at Jacobsburg Environmental Education Center in Northampton County to tackle the serious Japanese knotweed problem there, machetes in hand.
The Center is part of the greenway within the Bushkill Creek Watershed, which runs from Blue Mountain to the Delaware River in Easton and helps absorb rainfall and runoff, keeps the streams shaded and cool, and provides important habitat for native flora and fauna. (Heritage Conservancy)
“It was rewarding,” said Matt Little, among the local volunteers, who also included Dave Bossert, Mary Budkoski, David Due, Jim Folk, Billy Klein, Paula Klein, Greg Korkos, Simon Molloy, Heather Pritchard, Jessica Toohey and Don Wilson.
“I got to learn about the invasive species and I got to enjoy cutting it down with a machete. It was a good way to de-stress!”
Invasive species and their unfair advantage invasive species-- as PA Sea Grant’s Sarah Whitney taught Penn State Extension’s most recent class of Master Watershed Stewards back in May-- are non-native to the watershed and cause harm to the ecology, economy and/or human health.
As a category—and the reason invasives are such a notorious problem, generally-- they grow quickly and aggressively, outcompeting natives for space, light, and water.
With a mature height of over 10 feet and leaves that grow to roughly 6” long and 4” wide, the bamboo-like stems branch out into dense clumps and create a canopy that is quite overbearing, leafing out in early spring, ahead of many native plants.
Meanwhile, underground, the Japanese knotweed is building an extensive but shallow (not great for erosion control) root system of rhizomes, or rootstocks.
Many of us loathe using chemicals to control weeds, and with good reason; but Japanese knotweed is as good a reason as any to make exceptions.
“I’ve seen what walls of Japanese knotweed can do to a stream corridor,” says Rob Neitz, manager of Jacobsburg Environmental Education Center. “I want to make sure that was not replicated here.”
Japanese knotweed is so pervasive it can mean “a complete takeover of the stream bank,” Neitz explains further.
“Nothing but Japanese knotweed for 30’ deep and hundreds of feet along the stream bank. A complete monoculture of Japanese knotweed that prevents any beneficial native riparian plants from growing.”
To get Japanese knotweed under control, eradication efforts using only mechanical means (cutting, digging) are usually marginally effective, at best.
Penn State Extension’s guidelines say that the “only truly effective means of controlling is with chemical herbicide containing the active ingredient glyphosate.” (Glyphosate-based herbicides are available under the brand names Roundup, Gallup, Landmaster, Pondmaster, Ranger, Rodeo, and Touchdown.)
It advises foliar application (spraying the leaves) after July 1 (flowering season) and before the first killing frost.
“The concept,” says Neitz, “is to deplete the plant’s ‘energy reserves.’
By cutting the Japanese knotweed midway through its growing period, you force the plant to utilize any remaining energy to re-grow. Then you hit the plant with an herbicide at the end of the season, killing it off and draining its energy reserves for overwintering and hitting its root system.
“The other benefit to cutting mid-season is that re-growth will be half the height, which allows us to get better coverage and deeper into the stand,” said Neitz.
Getting a handle on Japanese knotweed requires steely and enduring attention. Neitz and his crew have been working on the Japanese knotweed problem at Jacobsburg for 3 years so far.
He expects it will be a 5- to 10-year process-- with occasional help from volunteers like MWSs and the Bushkill Stream Conservancy-- to get to a controllable level, meaning that one or two staffers can manageably treat the remaining population from thereon.
Why isn’t Japanese knotweed such a problem in Japan? Here is a key lesson about the benefits of natives vs. non-natives. Apparently, there, Japanese knotweed has 168 native insects and 40 fungi that keep it in check. (Science magazine, May 13, 2011)
Neitz’s advice to homeowners who might have Japanese knotweed on their property?
“Don’t let it get a foothold. But once it’s there, attack it persistently, and expect the process to take multiple years.”
Once knotweed is removed, you must plant other vegetation to prevent re-establishment of knotweed.
The following are useful native options: winterberry holly (Ilex verticillata), spicebush (Lindera benzoin), buttonbush (Cephalanthus occidentalis), silky willow (Salix sericea), Goat’s beard (Aruncus dioicus), giant fleeceflower (Persicaria polymorpha), and pussy willow (Salix discolor).
For more information on Japanese and Giant Knotweed, go to the Japanese and Giant Knotweed webpage.
Visit Penn State Extension’s Master Watershed Steward webpage for more information on the Steward program in your county.
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(Reprinted from Penn State Extension Watershed Winds newsletter.)
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